An Analysis Of Emission Spectra Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Emission Spectra Environmental Sciences Essay Emission spectra are the radiation emitted by the atoms when their electrons jump from higher energy level to lower energy level. The emission spectrum of a chemical element or chemical compound is the relative intensity of each frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the elements atoms or the compounds molecules when they are returned to a ground state. The subatomic particles that comprise the atom can absorb various kinds of energy and then emit that energy as a photon of a specific energy and corresponding wavelength and frequency. This emitted energy is called an emission spectrum. Electrons in particular release electromagnetic radiation in the visible range as well as in wavelengths surrounding the visible range. The particular wavelength that an electron releases depends on the difference between its ground state energy and the energy level that it jumps to. The amount of energy required for an electron to jump to a higher energy level depends on where it is starting from (its ground state). So the specific visible wavelengths (colors) released by an atom that has absorbed energy depend on the arrangement of its electrons. All the various elements and molecules that exist have their own unique arrangement of electrons, and so the particular wavelengths (colors) produced will always be unique to any one element or molecule. Th is spectrum of specific electromagnetic waves can therefore identify the substance. Note that Bohr used discreet emission spectra to show the discreet energies possessed by electrons in atoms. Because the electrons of different atoms so closely arranged in solid substances influence each other, the spectrum of a solid is different from that of the substances gas state, where the electron arrangement of individual atoms or molecules are not interfered with by neighboring atoms or molecules. Normally, therefore, substances are identified by their gas phase spectrum. A plot of the brightness of an object versus wavelength is called a spectrum, (even called spectra), and is observed using a spectrograph. By spreading out the light by wavelength, we can gain insight into whats happening to photons of particular wavelengths (or energies), which in turn tells us whats happening with particular types of atoms. There are three components of a spectrum: continuum emission (or blackbody radiation), emission lines, and absorption lines. Continuum emission is a wide, smooth (continuous!) band of colors like a rainbow. This type of emission is caused by an opaque material which emits radiation because of its temperature. Hotter objects are brighter and bluer than cooler objects. All objects have continuum radiation. (Even you; although in your case, since its in the infrared, we usually call it heat.) An absorption line is characterized by a lack of radiation at specific wavelength. Absorption lines are created by viewing a hot opaque object through a cooler, thin gas. The cool gas in front absorbs some of the continuum emission from the background source, and re-emits it in another direction, or at another frequency. Absorption lines are subtracted from the continuum emission, so that they appear fainter. An emission line is characterized by excessive radiation at specific wavelengths. You can observe emission lines by looking through a spectrometer at an energized gas. They are created by the photons that are released by the falling electrons. The important thing to know about absorption and emission lines is that every atom of a particular element (hydrogen, say) will have the same pattern of lines all the time. And the spacing of the lines is the same in both absorption and emission, only emission lines are added to the continuum, while absorption lines are subtracted. VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS OF SCIENTISTS IN EARLY AGE: When a sample of gaseous atoms of an element at low pressure is subjected to an input of energy, such as from an electric discharge, the atoms are themselves found to emit electromagnetic radiation. On passing through a very thin slit and then through a prism the light (electromagnetic radiation) emitted by the excited atoms is separated into its component frequencies. The familiar dispersion of white light is illustrated below: Solids, liquids and dense gases glow at high temperatures. The emitted light, examined using a spectroscope, consists of a continuous band of colours as in a rainbow. A continuous spectrum is observed. This is typical of matter in which the atoms are packed closely together. Gases at low pressure behave quite differently. The excited atoms emit only certain frequencies, and when these are placed as discreet lines along a frequency scale an atomic emission spectrum is formed. The spectral lines in the visible region of the atomic emission spectrum of barium are shown below. Spectral lines exist in series in the different regions (infra-red, visible and ultra-violet) of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. The spectral lines in a series get closer together with increasing frequency. Each element has its own unique atomic emission spectrum. EXPLANATION OF ABOVE MENTIONED OBSERVATIONS: It was necessary to explain how electrons are situated in atoms and why atoms are stable. Much of the following discussion refers to hydrogen atoms as these contain only one proton and one electron making them convenient to study. In the early 1913, the famous scientist Neils Bohr solved many problems in chemistry of the time by proposing his view that the electron revolves around the nucleus of the atom with a definite fixed energy in a fixed path, without emitting or absorbing energy. The electron in the hydrogen atom exists only in certain definite energy levels. These energy levels are called Principal Quantum Levels, denoted by the Principal Quantum Number, n. Principal Quantum Level n = 1 is closest to the nucleus of the atom and of lowest energy. When the electron occupies the energy level of lowest energy the atom is said to be in its ground state. An atom can have only one ground state. If the electron occupies one of the higher energy levels then the atom is in an excited state. An atom has many excited states. When a gaseous hydrogen atom in its ground state is excited by an input of energy, its electron is promoted from the lowest energy level to one of higher energy. The atom does not remain excited but re-emits energy as electromagnetic radiation. This is as a result of an electron falling from a higher energy level to one of lower energy. This electron transition results in the release of a photon from the atom of an amount of energy (E = h Ã‚ ®) equal to the difference in energy of the electronic energy levels involved in the transition. In a sample of gaseous hydrogen where there are many trillions of atoms all of the possible electron transitions from higher to lower energy levels will take place many times. A prism can now be used to separate the emitted electromagnetic radiation into its component frequencies (wavelengths or energies). These are then represented as spectral lines along an increasing frequency scale to form an atomic emission spectrum. Principal Quantum Levels (n) for the hydrogen atom. Comment: A hydrogen atom in its Ground State. The electron occupies the lowest possible energy level which in the case of hydrogen is the Principal Quantum Level n = 1. The Bohr Theory was a marvelous success in explaining the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. He calculated wavelengths agreed perfectly with the experimentally measured wavelengths of the spectral lines. Bohr knew that he was on to something; matching theory with experimental data is successful science. More recent theories about the electronic structure of atoms have refined these ideas, but Bohrs model is still very helpful to us. For clarity, it is normal to consider electron transitions from higher energy levels to the same Principal Quantum Level. The image given below illustrates the formation of spectral lines in visible region of the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation for hydrogen, called the Balmer Series. The Spectral Lines are in Series As referred to above for hydrogen atoms, electron transitions form higher energy levels all to the n = 2 level produce a series of lines in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum, called the Balmer Series. The series of lines in the ultra-violet region, called the Lyman Series, are due to electron transitions from higher energy levels all to the n = 1 level, and these were discovered after Bohr predicted their existence. Within each series, the spectral lines get closer together with increasing frequency. This suggests that the electronic energy levels get closer the more distant they become from the nucleus of the atom. No two elements have the same atomic emission spectrum; the atomic emission spectrum of an element is like a fingerprint. The diagram to the right illustrates the formation of three series of spectral lines in the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen. THE RESON BEHIND DISTINCT WAVELENGTHS: As we know light from a mercury discharge tube was composed of only three colors, or three distinct wavelengths of light. This feature, that an element emits light of specific colors, is an enormously useful probe of how individual atoms of that element behave. Indeed, the science of spectroscopy was developed around the discovery that each element of the periodic table emits light with its own set characteristic wavelengths, or emission spectrum. of light. If one has a collection of several elements, all emitting light, and the spectra of the different elements combine or overlap. By comparing the combined spectra to the known spectra of individual elements, we can discover which elements are present. It is amusing to note that the element helium was first discovered in this manner through the spectroscopic analysis of light from the sun in 1868 and was only later discovered in terrestrial minerals in 1895. But why do we see distinct wavelengths in emission spectra? And why are the spectra different for particular elements? There is nothing distinct about the light from an incandescent source such as the ordinary light bulb. In an empirical study of the spectrum of hydrogen, Balmer discovered that the precise frequencies and wavelengths of the light produced could be described by a simple equation involving a constant and an integer. Balmers equation was then expanded to describe the entire spectrum of hydrogen, including the ultra-violet and the infrared spectral lines. This equation is called the Rydberg equation: = R (â‚ ¬Ã‚ ­ ), Where R is the Rydberg constant, and n1 and n2 are integers. The presence of integers in this equation created a real problem for physicists until the development of the quantum theory of the atom by Neils Bohr. Bohrs theory suggested that the electron orbiting the nucleus could have only certain quantized angular momenta. The implication of this idea is that the electron can orbit only at certain fixed distances and velocities around the nucleus and subsequently can possess only certain discrete energies. Individual electron orbits are associated with specific energy levels. Integer numbers uniquely identify these levels and these integers, quantum numbers, are the ones that show up in the Rydberg equation and that are labeled n1 and n2. The integers in Rydbergs equations identify electron orbits of specific radius. In general, the larger the value of the integer, the larger the size of the orbit. Rydbergs equation says that the wavelength of the light emitted from an atom depends on two electron orbits. The interpretation is that an electron makes a transition from the initial orbit identified by the integer n1 to a final orbit identified by the integer n2. Furthermore, since there is a unique energy associated with each electron orbit, these integers n1 and n2 also identify or tag the energy of the electron. Hence, a discrete amount of energy is released or absorbed when an electron makes a transition between two orbits. In the case of the atom, when an electron makes a transition from one orbit to another with a lesser value of its identifying integer, energy is released from the atom and takes the form of emitted light of a distinct wavelength, or equivalently, of distinct frequency. So the picture we have is that electron transitions between different orbits produce different wavelengths of light and that the actual wavelength value of the light depends on the energy difference between the two orbits. Furthermore, since the energies of the different orbits and the energies of the transitions are determined by the atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus), each atom has its own characteristic spectrum. distances and velocities around the nucleus and subsequently can possess only certain discrete energies. Individual electron orbits are associated with specific energy levels. Integer numbers uniquely identify these levels and these integers, quantum numbers, are the ones that show up in the Rydberg equation and that are labeled n1 and n2. Emission Line Spectra of Various Elements REFERANCE NO. Explanation of the above Image: First spectrum is hydrogen, typical of a hydrogen spectrum tube. Second spectrum is helium, typical of a helium spectrum tube. Third spectrum is lithium, as typically from a flame or an electric arc. Fourth spectrum is neon. Fifth spectrum is low pressure sodium, but with secondary lines exaggerated. Sixth spectrum is argon, typical of an argon glow lamp or spectrum tube. Next spectrum is copper, drawn using a wavelength table and Ioannis Galidakis photos of a copper arc spectrum (see link below). Oxide lines which may appear in the flame spectrum are not shown. Next spectrum is zinc, drawn using a wavelength table and a photo by Ioannis Galidakis of a zinc arc spectrum. Intensity of the red line is shown for the slightly greenish light blue usual zinc arc, but Ioannis reports getting a pinkish zinc arc and shows the red line to be brighter. Next spectrum is barium. Oxide lines are not included. Next spectrum is krypton. Ion lines typical of flashlamp use are not included. Next spectrum is that of the most common variety of metal halide lamp, which is basically a mercury vapor lamp enhanced with iodides of sodium and scandium. Next spectrum is that of a xenon flashtube of lower-than-usual pressure, operated with a higher than usual voltage and a lower than usual energy level to favor a line spectrum. An actual typical xenon spectrum generally has a strong continuous spectrum, which I show more dimly than actually occurs in order to show the lines. The lines are mainly those of excited xenon ions, rather than excited neutral xenon atoms. At lower current, the most distinct visible spectral lines are two close together in the blue and the brightness is usually low. Next spectrum is high pressure mercury vapor, typical of a mercury vapor lamp. Low pressure mercury vapor has a similar spectrum except the green line is slightly dimmer and the yellow lines are significantly dimmer. Next one after that is a mercury lamp with the common Deluxe White phosphor. Next one after that is a compact fluorescent lamp of the 2700K color. Emission line spectra of various other elements is given below APPLICATIONS: Emission Spectroscopic techniques are used in Flame Emission Spectroscopy Energy spectra are used in astrophysical spectroscopy. Energy Spectra are used in Optical Spectroscopy

Healthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S. Essay

Completing this assignment will require anywhere from 60-80 minutes. It will count as two response papers. This documentary is a case study in policy making. It helps us to learn about the mechanisms of making laws at the national level for high profile policies in America. In particular, this case focuses our attention on the role of powerful and wealthy interest groups in Washington, and how they can easily influence government and sway laws to their benefit. It also helps us to lean about who has power over and in government, who is represented, who has voice, influence, and who doesn’t. Please, watch â€Å"Obama’s Deal: PBS Documentary Exposing Corruption and the Role of Big Money and Powerful Lobby in American Policy Making Process† You may start filling out the questionnaire while you are watching the documentary. Simply copy these 14 questions into your response paper and answer them in the order of appearance. 1. What immediate problem did the president run into when initiating the healthcare reform? 2. Obama’s administration believed that taking on a healthcare reform is a test of what in American politics? According to Obama, it was intended to prove what? 3. Who opposed the healthcare reform under both Clinton and Obama? Who stood to lose from the healthcare reform? 4. What did the propaganda ads funded by insurance lobby advertise to the American public about the healthcare reform? Whose interests did they keep in mind when doing that? 5. Who could get to the congressional hearings on the healthcare reform? Was there anyone representing 50 million uninsured Americans at the congressional hearings? 6. While powerful insurance lobbyists initially stated that they would support the reform, what did they request in return and why? (hint: they wanted some feature added to the bill, what is that feature?) 7. Senator Baucus received $2.5 millions from insurance interest groups to do what? Whose interests did he represent? 8. Who is denied a seat at the negotiation table about the healthcare? Who is removed physically by guards from the press conference in the White House? 9. When in Congress senator Baucus introduced â€Å"Medicare prescription drug bill†, it was a payoff to drug  and pharmaceutical industries for what? Who did the bill benefit (financially)c? 10. Insurance lobbyists (Ignani being one big player) spend tens of millions of dollars to defeat the health bill through ads that created panic, scare, rumors, and etc. Why? What is at stake for insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists if a meaningful healthcare reform took place? 11. The answer to this question would require some speculation on your part: why do you think many Americans bought the negative campaign ads against the healthcare reform that were manufactured by the insurance lobby? Why did some ordinary Americans end up siding with greedy insurance and pharmaceutical lobbyists, even though saving money and health of working Americans is the last thing that those lobbyists cared about? 12. What does this documentary show us about the role of money and powerful interests in American politics? For whose benefits laws are made or blocked? Based on this case study, what would you say about who controls American political process? 13. What have you learned from this documentary that either reinforces or contradicts information from the textbook chapter 11 about interest groups? 14. Anything else you wish to state about your reaction to this case study in policy making: Background and further readings on healthcare policy in the U.S.: Healthcare is one of the most contentious policy areas in American politics. Some of the most conspicuous issues with healthcare provision in our country are: -medical bills are the leading cause of bankruptcy for middle class and low income households in America -Insurance premiums and co pays are too high and limits for patients with preexisting conditions are numerous; insurance industry is fairly unregulated and has monopoly on setting the rules of the game on who and how they cover. -50 million Americans remain uninsured, with elderly, students/young, and workers in low paid or part time jobs that offer no health insurance benefits most affected. We do not have a public health option that would offer a choice aside from private care, just like we have public education/universal education for any American who does not wish to spend tons on private education -while we have such programs as Medicare (for the elderly), Medicaid (for low income families), and emergency rooms, they do not cover all those who need medical care; states became strict with qualifications for such programs, cutting funding and  eliminating many Americans from qualifying. Emergency rooms, if you have been to one, do not offer quality care, preventative treatment, and many other essential services. Insurance does not cover pre-existing conditions; insurance plans have limits and co-pays that many people simply cannot afford once faced with a serious illness. -Healthcare is too expensive and inaccessible to many -What reforms are needed to address such disparities in healthcare? And more importantly, in our political system what reforms can or cannot be made? This documentary provides one way to think through the structure of policy making process in America. Supplementary/suggested readings: Start with understanding facts, numbers, and myths about Obama’s Affordable Care Act: http://www.whitehouse.gov/healthreform Margaret Flowers: Obamacare did not go far enough, we still need universal health coverage for Americans: http://www.thenation.com/video/168604/margaret-flowers-obamacare-doesnt-go-far-enough# Number of uninsured Americans rises to 50.7 million: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-09-17-uninsured17_st_n.htm Census data on health coverage in America: http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/hlthins/data/incpovhlth/2010/highlights.html Republicans who benefit from Obama’s healthcare bill are torn about the candidates: http://www.cnn.com/2012/10/06/health/republicans-conflicted-obamacare/ Listing some benefits for women under Obama’s healthcare bill, particular for potential cancer patients: http://www.democraticunderground.com/10021447151 Three myths about Obama’s Affordable Care Act: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=Noq_tktemE0 Republican presidential candidate Romney on healthcare: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/05/opinion/krugman-romneys-sick-joke.html?smid=fb-share&_r=0 Public opinion about Obama’s healthcare bill: healthcare is complex in terms of public opinion–while a majority favored it’s repeal, large majorities actually favored each aspect of the law. Moreover, with the Supreme Court’s upholding the law, this seems to have made it more popular (but made the Court less so): http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/10/03/the-effect-of-the-courts-ruling-in-the-aca/ http://themonkeycage.org/blog/2012/06/27/framing-and-health-care-reform/ http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0811/62242.html Paul Ryan’s (runs as vice-president on the Republican ticket in 2012 election) plans to undercut social security and Medicare infuriate the elderly, he dismisses concerns with contempt and removal of a senior citizens from the hall: http://www.upworthy.com/paul-ryans-medicare-plan-will-hurt-old-people-paul-ryans-security-guys-have-hurt?g=2 Healthcare debate in cross-cultural perspective: Canada vs. U.S. http://www.diemer.ca/Docs/Diemer-TenHealthCareMyths.htm Healthcare in Netherlands vs. U.S.: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/03/magazine/03european-t.html?pagewanted=all

Guns of August - 2668 Words

1 The Guns of August by Barbara W. Tuchman A predilection for the high drama of war stories and an appreciation for history as narrative led me explore Barbara W. Tuchman’s The Guns of August , a dramatic, comprehensive and painstakingly detailed account of the beginnings of World War One. Having read her history of fourteenth century Europe, A Distant Mirror, I was eager to see how she would apply her style of taking important individuals of the period and showing how events unfolded through the prism of their experiences, to the subject of the First World War. Moreover, the period is one in which I have long been interested, having been introduced to it through the World War One poets, T. S. Elliot’s The Wasteland and All Quiet on†¦show more content†¦For Germany, 1914 would witness the enthronement of Kultur in Europe and the fulfillment of Germany’s historic mission. As Thomas Mann saw it, â€Å"Germans . . . deserved to be the most powerful, to dominate, to establish a ‘German peaceâ €™â€  (311). The French, for their part, in the face of growing German militarism given voice by the Kaiser himself, â€Å"possessor of the least inhibited tongue in Europe,† stoked up their furor Gallicae and awaited the moment that had seemed inevitable ever since the Treaty of Versailles had amputated her eastern flank. Aside from nationalistic scores to settle, many other nations were simply â€Å"sore-headed and fed up† with â€Å"Germany’s clattering of the sword† and saw in the coming conflict hopes for the â€Å"moral regeneration of Europe† (312-313). Tuchman sees the parts as well as the whole, and her discussion of cause as it relates to individual battles and the generals involved is psychologically astute without being limiting. She offers plausible explanations for General John French’s lack of will in the defense of Belgium (218) and shows how the breakdown of Plan 17 in the first weeks of the war paved the way for a l ong and brutal struggle (262), as did the final failure of the Germans’ Schlieffen Plan for a double envelopment of the enemy. The ensuing deadlockShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Guns of August1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe Guns of August Barbara Tuchmans Pulitzer prize-winning book about the start of World War I is a fascinating and detailed work that delivers the thoughts and actions of the belligerents and their previously mysterious leaders to life on every page. This military history of the first month of the war is written in a way as to keep the reader interested because of the great detail. The author also manages to write about the events in such a manor as the reader sees them as they happenedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Guns Of August Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Western Civilization II The Guns of August, by Barbara W. Tuchman. London: England. Macmillan. 1962. The Great War, more known as World war 1 is perhaps the most famous war in American history. Most people only know that the Great war was the first world war that caused catastrophe through the worlds alliances. The Guns of August also known as August 1914 is a historical work of nonfiction written about the beginning of World War I. The Guns of August is an interesting book that goes throughRead MoreEssay on The Guns of August by Barbara Tuchman456 Words   |  2 PagesThe Guns of August by Barbara Tuchman Barbara Tuchmans Guns of August is about World War 1. Her book has a unique way of telling this story. Her books gives explanations for each countrys involvement in the war. 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The Characteristics Of Thomas Mores Utopia - 913 Words

In 1516, Thomas More published the well-known book titled â€Å"Utopia,† where he defined the word as either â€Å"a good place† or â€Å"no place.† In the novel, More described an ideal communal society that was almost unheard of in his time. His â€Å"Utopia,† whose name was possibly derived from the Greek roots â€Å"ou not† and â€Å"tà ³p(os) a place† (â€Å"Utopia), can ultimately be considered a prototype of a modern welfare state (â€Å"Utopia (book)†). This, combined with a lack of private property and other characteristics, provided the backbone for many experimental societies, both fictional and real, since the book’s publication. There are numerous traits that can be associated with a utopia, including conformity, isolation from external influences, and a lack of†¦show more content†¦To facilitate this, both their education and the tales they were told from birth would have been fitted so the Guardians could witness and emulate the desired behavior (Plato). This willing conformity is essential to the functioning of a utopia. As one can derive from Plato’s â€Å"Republic,† if members of such a society are able to do as they please, a utopia would never be able to function. The fact that many utopias separate themselves from the outside world is another possible characteristic of a Utopia. Ernest Callenbach’s Ecotopia, formed 20 years prior to the events in the novel â€Å"Ecotopia† out of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California, had not allowed any Americans to cross its border. Even in the secretive Helicopter War where the United States attempted to regain Ecotopia did the Ecotopians manage to repel individuals from the outside world (Callenbach). Another example of this seclusion is the Utopia described in More’s novel of the same name. Originally starting as a peninsula, it was transformed into an island after the inhabitants excavated a 15-mile-wide waterway during the reign of the first king, King Utopos (â€Å"Utopia (book)†). A potential reason for this complete isolation could be to prevent exterior influences from contaminating the ideals of the utopia. Again, members of a utopian society need to conform to some degree in order for such an unconventional civilization to survive, andShow MoreRelated Utopian Dreams Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagescompetitive by nature and would never be happy in a society where everyone is equal and there is no chance of advancement. Sir Thomas More dreamt of a land that was much like England but could never surpass time. He opened the eyes of a nation and made its people desire something new. Views were significantly changed and the world would never be the same. Sir Thomas More inspired dramatic changes in religion, community life and even paved the way for communism. And he did all of this throughRead MoreAnalysis of Thomas Mores Utopia Essay527 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is it about Thomas Mores Utopia that makes it as accessible and relevant to a 21st century westernized Catholic teenage boy as it did to an 18th century middle aged Jewish women? Utopia, a text written 500 odd years ago in differing country and language, is still a valid link to a contemporary understanding of society, human nature and morals. Through Mores Utopia, it becomes evident that the trans-historical and trans-cultural nature of the text emerges through Mores conscious and subconsciousRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins1081 Words   |  5 Pagessociety capable of living in a flawless world, in a true utopia? In Sir Thomas More’s novel, Utopia, a paradisiacal island is depicted containing a faultless society. Since the release of this work in 1516, countless authors have used this idea to create their own perfect worlds. The Hunger Games, by Suzanne Collins, is a prime byproduct of More’s utopia. However, the key difference between both novels is the intended creation of a utopia or dystopia. Collins understood that her text portrayed aRead More Socialism and Thomas Mores Utopia Essay2345 Words   |  10 PagesSocialism and Thomas Mores Utopia      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socialist ideals have recurred throughout the history of literature; from Plato to Marx the elusive goal of a perfect state has occupied some of the best minds in political thought manifesting itself in literature. In the midst of this historic tradition is the Utopia of More, a work which links the utopias of the ancient with the utopias of the modern. 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The Battle Of Massachusetts Bay Colony - 896 Words

In the early 1600s, colonies such as Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maryland, were built on various religious principles. In addition to the colonist focus on gaining their independence and having the freedom to live as they chose; away for England s ruling. However, religion was a major battle for those upcoming settlements. Many had their own perception of what they thought was the truth about the Bible and if anyone opposed their belief, harm was due to them. Around this time, many searched earnestly for the truth, so to find it, they came up with different denominations of Christianity such as Puritans, Protestants, and Catholic. These religions drifted away from Biblical principles and turned to what individuals chose to believe and/or not believe. By this, colonies of Rhode Island, Maryland, and Massachusetts were built and greatly influenced by such beliefs. In Massachusetts, John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, told his fellow Puritans that they were a chosen people on a divine mission (Tindall 71). Which led them to the desire of wanting to set an example for England of what godly people looked like. Winthrop was a man who believed in leading religiously and in order; not democratically. By this, if you were a Dissenter, religions such as Quakers or Catholics, you were persecuted and sometimes it lead to death. Those who weren’t Puritan’s had very few rights and one would be the right to vote (Tindall 73). The government of theShow MoreRelatedAmerican Pageant Chapter 31102 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 3 Settling the Northern Colonies 1619-1700    The Protestant Reformation Produces Puritanism Martin Luther  .   He declared that the Bible alone was the source of Gods words.   He started the Protestant Reformation. 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The Subtle Knife Chapter Three Free Essays

Chapter Three A Children’s World Lyra was awake early. She’d had a horrible dream: she had been given the vacuum flask she’d seen her father, Lord Asriel, show to the Master and Scholars of Jordan College. When that had really happened, Lyra had been hiding in the wardrobe, and she’d watched as Lord Asriel opened the flask to show the Scholars the severed head of Stanislaus Grumman, the lost explorer; but in her dream, Lyra had to open the flask herself, and she didn’t want to. We will write a custom essay sample on The Subtle Knife Chapter Three or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, she was terrified. But she had to do it, whether she wanted to or not, and she felt her hands weakening with dread as she unclipped the lid and heard the air rash into the frozen chamber. Then she lifted the lid away, nearly choking with fear but knowing she had to – she had to do it. And there was nothing inside. The head had gone. There was nothing to be afraid of. But she awoke all the same, crying and sweating, in the hot little bedroom facing the harbor, with the moonlight streaming through the window, and lay in someone else’s bed clutching someone else’s pillow, with the ermine Pantalaimon nuzzling her and making soothing noises. Oh, she was so frightened! And how odd it was, that in real life she had been eager to see the head of Stanislaus Grumman, and had begged Lord Asriel to open the flask again and let her look, and yet in her dream she was so terrified. When morning came, she asked the alethiometer what the dream meant, but all it said was, It was a dream about a head. She thought of waking the strange boy, but he was so deeply asleep that she decided not to. Instead, she went down to the kitchen and tried to make an omelette, and twenty minutes later she sat down at a table on the pavement and ate the blackened, gritty thing with great pride while the sparrow Pantalaimon pecked at the bits of shell. She heard a sound behind her, and there was Will, heavy-eyed with sleep. â€Å"I can make omelette,† she said. â€Å"I’ll make you some if you like.† He looked at her plate and said, â€Å"No, I’ll have some cereal. There’s still some milk in the fridge that’s all right. They can’t have been gone very long, the people who lived here.† She watched him shake corn flakes into a bowl and pour milk on them – something else she’d never seen before. He carried the bowl outside and said, â€Å"If you don’t come from this world, where’s your world? How did you get here?† â€Å"Over a bridge. My father made this bridge, and†¦ I followed him across. But he’s gone somewhere else, I don’t know where. I don’t care. But while I was walking across there was so much fog, and I got lost, I think. I walked around in the fog for days just eating berries and stuff I found. Then one day the fog cleared, and we was up on that cliff back there – â€Å" She gestured behind her. Will looked along the shore, past the lighthouse, and saw the coast rising in a great series of cliffs that disappeared into the haze of the distance. â€Å"And we saw the town here, and came down, but there was no one here. At least there were things to eat and beds to sleep in. We didn’t know what to do next.† â€Å"You sure this isn’t another part of your world?† â€Å"‘Course. This en’t my world, I know that for certain.† Will remembered his own absolute certainty, on seeing the patch of grass through the window in the air, that it wasn’t in his world, and he nodded. â€Å"So there’s three worlds at least that are joined on,† he said. â€Å"There’s millions and millions,† Lyra said. â€Å"This other daemon told me. He was a witch’s daemon. No one can count how many worlds there are, all in the same space, but no one could get from one to another before my father made this bridge.† â€Å"What about the window I found?† â€Å"I dunno about that. Maybe all the worlds are starting to move into one another.† â€Å"And why are you looking for dust?† She looked at him coldly. â€Å"I might tell you sometime,† she said. â€Å"All right. But how are you going to look for it?† â€Å"I’m going to find a Scholar who knows about it.† â€Å"What, any scholar?† â€Å"No. An experimental theologian,† she said. â€Å"In my Oxford, they were the ones who knew about it. Stands to reason it’ll be the same in your Oxford. I’ll go to Jordan College first, because Jordan had the best ones.† â€Å"I never heard of experimental theology,† he said. â€Å"They know all about elementary particles and fundamental forces,† she explained. â€Å"And anbaromagnetism, stuff like that. Atomcraft.† â€Å"What – magnetism?† â€Å"Anbaromagnetism. Like anbaric. Those lights,† she said, pointing up at the ornamental streetlight. â€Å"They’re anbaric.† â€Å"We call them electric.† â€Å"Electric†¦ that’s like electrum. That’s a kind of stone, a jewel, made out of gum from bees. There’s insects in it, sometimes.† â€Å"You mean amber,† he said, and they both said, â€Å"Anbar†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And each of them saw their own expression on the other’s face. Will remembered that moment for a long time afterward. â€Å"Well, electromagnetism,† he went on, looking away. â€Å"Sounds like what we call physics, your experimental theology. You want scientists, not theologians.† â€Å"Ah,† she said warily. â€Å"I’ll find ’em.† They sat in the wide clear morning, with the sun glittering placidly on the harbor, and each of them might have spoken next, because both of them were burning with questions; but then they heard a voice from farther along the harbor front, toward the casino gardens. Both of them looked there, startled. It was a child’s voice, but there was no one in sight. Will said to Lyra quietly, â€Å"How long did you say you’d been here?† â€Å"Three days, four – I lost count. I never seen anyone. There’s no one here. I looked almost everywhere.† But there was. Two children, one a girl of Lyra’s age and the other a younger boy, came out of one of the streets leading down to the harbor. They were carrying baskets, and both had red hair. They were about a hundred yards away when they saw Will and Lyra at the caf? ¦ table. Pantalaimon changed from a goldfinch to a mouse and ran up Lyra’s arm to the pocket of her shirt. He’d seen that these new children were like Will: neither of them had a daemon visible. The two children wandered up and sat at a table nearby. â€Å"You from Ci’gazze?† the girl said. Will shook his head. â€Å"From Sant’Elia?† â€Å"No,† said Lyra. â€Å"We’re from somewhere else.† The girl nodded. This was a reasonable reply. â€Å"What’s happening?† said Will. â€Å"Where are the grownups?† The girl’s eyes narrowed. â€Å"Didn’t the Specters come to your city?† she said. â€Å"No,† Will said. â€Å"We just got here. We don’t know about Specters. What is this city called?† â€Å"Ci’gazze,† the girl said suspiciously. â€Å"Cittagazze, all right.† â€Å"Cittagazze,† Lyra repeated. â€Å"Ci’gazze. Why do the grown-ups have to leave?† â€Å"Because of the Specters,† the girl said with weary scorn. â€Å"What’s your name?† â€Å"Lyra. And he’s Will. What’s yours?† â€Å"Angelica. My brother is Paolo.† â€Å"Where’ve you come from?† â€Å"Up the hills. There was a big fog and storm and everyone was frightened, so we all run up in the hills. Then when the fog cleared, the grownups could see with telescopes that the city was full of Specters, so they couldn’t come back. But the kids, we ain’ afraid of Specters, all right. There’s more kids coming down. They be here later, but we’re first.† â€Å"Us and Tullio,† said little Paolo proudly. â€Å"Who’s Tullio?† Angelica was cross: Paolo shouldn’t have mentioned him, but the secret was out now. â€Å"Our big brother,† she said. â€Å"He ain’ with us. He’s hiding till he can†¦ He’s just hiding.† â€Å"He’s gonna get – † Paolo began, but Angelica smacked him hard, and he shut his mouth at once, pressing his quivering lips together. â€Å"What did you say about the city?† said Will. â€Å"It’s full of Specters?† â€Å"Yeah, Ci’gazze, Sant’Elia, all cities. The Specters go where the people are. Where you from?† â€Å"Winchester,† said Will. â€Å"I never heard of it. They ain’ got Specters there?† â€Å"No. I can’t see any here, either.† â€Å"‘Course not!† she crowed. â€Å"You ain’ grown up! When we grow up, we see Specters.† â€Å"I ain’ afraid of Specters, all right,† the little boy said, thrusting forward his grubby chin. â€Å"Kill the buggers.† â€Å"En’t the grownups going to come back at all?† said Lyra. â€Å"Yeah, in a few days,† said Angelica. â€Å"When the Specters go somewhere else. We like it when the Specters come, ’cause we can run about in the city, do what we like, all right.† â€Å"But what do the grownups think the Specters will do to them?† Will said. â€Å"Well, when a Specter catch a grownup, that’s bad to see. They eat the life out of them there and then, all right. I don’t want to be grown up, for sure. At first they know it’s happening, and they’re afraid; they cry and cry. They try and look away and pretend it ain’ happening, but it is. It’s too late. And no one ain’ gonna go near them, they on they own. Then they get pale and they stop moving. They still alive, but it’s like they been eaten from inside. You look in they eyes, you see the back of they heads. Ain’ nothing there.† The girl turned to her brother and wiped his nose on the sleeve of his shirt. â€Å"Me and Paolo’s going to look for ice creams,† she said. â€Å"You want to come and find some?† â€Å"No,† said Will, â€Å"we got something else to do.† â€Å"Good-bye, then,† she said, and Paolo said, â€Å"Kill the Specters!† â€Å"Good-bye,† said Lyra. As soon as Angelica and the little boy had vanished, Pantalaimon appeared from Lyra’s pocket, his mouse head ruffled and bright-eyed. He said to Will, â€Å"They don’t know about this window you found.† It was the first time Will had heard him speak, and he was almost more startled by that than by anything else he’d seen so far. Lyra laughed at his astonishment. â€Å"He – but he spoke! Do all daemons talk?† Will said. â€Å"‘Course they do!† said Lyra. â€Å"Did you think he was just a pet?† Will rubbed his hair and blinked. Then he shook his head. â€Å"No,† he said, addressing Pantalaimon. â€Å"You’re right, I think. They don’t know about it.† â€Å"So we better be careful how we go through,† Pantalaimon said. It was strange for only a moment, talking to a mouse. Then it was no more strange than talking into a telephone, because he was really talking to Lyra. But the mouse was separate; there was something of Lyra in his expression, but something else too. It was too hard to work out, when there were so many strange things happening at once. Will tried to bring his thoughts together. â€Å"You got to find some other clothes first,† he said to Lyra, â€Å"before you go into my Oxford.† â€Å"Why?† she said stubbornly. â€Å"Because you can’t go and talk to people in my world looking like that; they wouldn’t let you near them. You got to look as if you fit in. You got to go about camouflaged. I know, see. I’ve been doing it for years. You better listen to me or you’ll get caught, and if they find out where you come from, and the window, and everything†¦ Well, this is a good hiding place, this world. See, I’m†¦ I got to hide from some men. This is the best hiding place I could dream of, and I don’t want it found out. So I don’t want you giving it away by looking out of place or as if you don’t belong. I got my own things to do in Oxford, and if you give me away, I’ll kill you.† She swallowed. The alethiometer never lied: this boy was a murderer, and if he’d killed before, he could kill her, too. She nodded seriously, and she meant it. â€Å"All right,† she said. Pantalaimon had become a lemur, and was gazing at him with disconcerting wide eyes. Will stared back, and the daemon became a mouse once more and crept into Lyra’s pocket. â€Å"Good,† he said. â€Å"Now, while we’re here, we’ll pretend to these other kids that we just come from somewhere in their world. It’s good there aren’t any grownups about. We can just come and go and no one’ll notice. But in my world, you got to do as I say. And the first thing is you better wash yourself. You need to look clean, or you’ll stand out. We got to be camouflaged everywhere we go. We got to look as if we belong there so naturally that people don’t even notice us. So go and wash your hair for a start. There’s some shampoo in the bathroom. Then we’ll go and find some different clothes.† â€Å"I dunno how,† she said. â€Å"I never washed my hair. The housekeeper done it at Jordan, and then I never needed to after that.† â€Å"Well, you’ll just have to work it out,† he said. â€Å"Wash yourself all over. In my world people are clean.† â€Å"Hmm,† said Lyra, and went upstairs. A ferocious rat face glared at him over her shoulder, but he looked back coldly. Part of him wanted to wander about this sunny silent morning exploring the city, and another part trembled with anxiety for his mother, and another part was still numb with shock at the death he’d caused. And overhanging them all was the task he had to do. But it was good to keep busy, so while he waited for Lyra, he cleaned the working surfaces in the kitchen, and washed the floor, and emptied the rubbish into the bin he found in the alley outside. Then he took the green leather writing case from his tote bag and looked at it longingly. As soon as he’d shown Lyra how to get through the window into his Oxford, he’d come back and look at what was inside; but in the meanwhile, he tucked it under the mattress of the bed he’d slept in. In this world, it was safe. When Lyra came down, clean and wet, they left to look for some clothes for her. They found a department store, shabby like everywhere else, with clothes in styles that looked a little old-fashioned to Will’s eye, but they found Lyra a tartan skirt and a green sleeveless blouse with a pocket for Pantalaimon. She refused to wear jeans, refused even to believe Will when he told her that most girls did. â€Å"They’re trousers,† she said. â€Å"I’m a girl. Don’t be stupid.† He shrugged; the tartan skirt looked unremarkable, which was the main thing. Before they left, Will dropped some coins in the till behind the counter. â€Å"What you doing?† she said. â€Å"Paying. You have to pay for things. Don’t they pay for things in your world?† â€Å"They don’t in this one! I bet those other kids en’t paying for a thing.† â€Å"They might not, but I do.† â€Å"If you start behaving like a grownup, the Specters’ll get you,† she said, but she didn’t know whether she could tease him yet or whether she should be afraid of him. In the daylight, Will could see how ancient the buildings in the heart of the city were, and how near to ruin some of them had come. Holes in the road had not been repaired; windows were broken; plaster was peeling. And yet there had once been a beauty and grandeur about this place. Through carved archways they could see spacious courtyards filled with greenery, and there were great buildings that looked like palaces, for all that the steps were cracked and the doorframes loose from the walls. It looked as if rather than knock a building down and build a new one, the citizens of Ci’gazze preferred to patch it up indefinitely. At one point they came to a tower standing on its own in a little square. It was the oldest building they’d seen: a simple battlemented tower four stories high. Something about its stillness in the bright sun was intriguing, and both Will and Lyra felt drawn to the half-open door at the top of the broad steps; but they didn’t speak of it, and they went on, a bit reluctantly. When they reached the broad boulevard with the palm trees, he told her to look for a little caf? ¦ on a corner, with green-painted metal tables on the pavement outside. They found it within a minute. It looked smaller and shabbier by daylight, but it was the same place, with the zinc-topped bar, the espresso machine, and the half-finished plate of risotto, now beginning to smell bad in the warm air. â€Å"Is it in here?† she said. â€Å"No. It’s in the middle of the road. Make sure there’s no other kids around.† But they were alone. Will took her to the grassy median under the palm trees, and looked around to get his bearings. â€Å"I think it was about here,† he said. â€Å"When I came through, I could just about see that big hill behind the white house up there, and looking this way there was the caf? ¦ there, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"What’s it look like? I can’t see anything.† â€Å"You won’t mistake it. It doesn’t look like anything you’ve ever seen.† He cast up and down. Had it vanished? Had it closed? He couldn’t see it anywhere. And then suddenly he had it. He moved back and forth, watching the edge. Just as he’d found the night before, on the Oxford side of it, you could only see it at all from one side: when you moved behind it, it was invisible. And the sun on the grass beyond it was just like the sun on the grass on this side, except unaccountably different. â€Å"Here it is,† he said when he was sure. â€Å"Ah! I see it!† She was agog, she looked as astounded as he’d looked himself to hear Pantalaimon talk. Her daemon, unable to remain inside her pocket, had come out to be a wasp, and he buzzed up to the hole and back several times, while she rubbed her still slightly wet hair into spikes. â€Å"Keep to one side,† he told her. â€Å"If you stand in front of it people’d just see a pair of legs, and that would make ’em curious. I don’t want anyone noticing.† â€Å"What’s that noise?† â€Å"Traffic. It’s a part of the Oxford ring road. It’s bound to be busy. Get down and look at it from the side. It’s the wrong time of day to go through, really; there’s far too many people about. But it’d be hard to find somewhere to go if we went in the middle of the night. At least once we’re through we can blend in easy. You go first. Just duck through quickly and move out of the way.† She had a little blue rucksack that she’d been carrying since they left the caf? ¦, and she unslung it and held it in her arms before crouching to look through. â€Å"Ah!† She gasped. â€Å"And that’s your world? That don’t look like any part of Oxford. You sure you was in Oxford?† â€Å"‘Course I’m sure. When you go through, you’ll see a road right in front of you. Go to the left, and then a little farther along you take the road that goes down to the right. That leads to the city center. Make sure you can see where this window is, and remember, all right? It’s the only way back.† â€Å"Right,† she said. â€Å"I won’t forget.† Taking her rucksack in her arms, she ducked through the window in the air and vanished. Will crouched down to see where she went. And there she was, standing on the grass in his Oxford with Pan still as a wasp on her shoulder, and no one, as far as he could tell, had seen her appear. Cars and trucks raced past a few feet beyond, and no driver, at this busy junction, would have time to gaze sideways at an odd-looking bit of air, even if they could see it, and the traffic screened the window from anyone looking across from the far side. There was a squeal of brakes, a shout, a bang. He flung himself down to look. Lyra was lying on the grass. A car had braked so hard that a van had struck it from behind, and knocked the car forward anyway, and there was Lyra, lying still – Will darted through after her. No one saw him come; all eyes were on the car, the crumpled bumper, the van driver getting out, and on the little girl. â€Å"I couldn’t help it! She ran out in front,† said the car driver, a middle-aged woman. â€Å"You were too close,† she said, turning toward the van driver. â€Å"Never mind that,† he said. â€Å"How’s the kid?† The van driver was addressing Will, who was on his knees beside Lyra. Will looked up and around, but there was nothing for it; he was responsible. On the grass next to him, Lyra was moving her head about, blinking hard. Will saw the wasp Pantalaimon crawling dazedly up a grass stem beside her. â€Å"You all right?† Will said. â€Å"Move your legs and arms.† â€Å"Stupid!† said the woman from the car. â€Å"Just ran out in front. Didn’t look once. What am I supposed to do?† â€Å"You still there, love?† said the van driver. â€Å"Yeah,† muttered Lyra. â€Å"Everything working?† â€Å"Move your feet and hands,† Will insisted. She did. There was nothing broken. â€Å"She’s all right,† said Will. â€Å"I’ll look after her. She’s fine.† â€Å"D’you know her?† said the truck driver. â€Å"She’s my sister,† said Will. â€Å"It’s all right. We just live around the corner. I’ll take her home.† Lyra was sitting up now, and as she was obviously not badly hurt, the woman turned her attention back to the car. The rest of the traffic was moving around the two stationary vehicles, and as they went past, the drivers looked curiously at the little scene, as people always do. Will helped Lyra up; the sooner they moved away, the better. The woman and the van driver had realized that their argument ought to be handled by their insurance companies and were exchanging addresses when the woman saw Will helping Lyra to limp away. â€Å"Wait!† she called. â€Å"You’ll be witnesses. I need your name and address.† â€Å"I’m Mark Ransom,† said Will, turning back, â€Å"and my sister’s Lisa. We live at twenty-six Bourne Close.† â€Å"Postcode?† â€Å"I can never remember,† he said. â€Å"Look, I want to get her home.† â€Å"Hop in the cab,† said the van driver, â€Å"and I’ll take you round.† â€Å"No, it’s no trouble. It’d be quicker to walk, honest.† Lyra wasn’t limping badly. She walked away with Will, back along the grass under the hornbeam trees, and turned at the first corner they came to. They sat on a low garden wall. â€Å"You hurt?† Will said. â€Å"Banged me leg. And when I fell down, it shook me head,† she said. But she was more concerned about what was in the rucksack. She felt inside it, brought out a heavy little bundle wrapped in black velvet, and unfolded it. Will’s eyes widened to see the alethiometer; the tiny symbols painted around the face, the golden hands, the questing needle, the heavy richness of the case took his breath away. â€Å"What’s that?† he said. â€Å"It’s my alethiometer. It’s a truth teller. A symbol reader. I hope it en’t broken†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But it was unharmed. Even in her trembling hands the long needle swung steadily. She put it away and said, â€Å"I never seen so many carts and things. I never guessed they was going so fast.† â€Å"They don’t have cars and vans in your Oxford?† â€Å"Not so many. Not like these ones. I wasn’t used to it. But I’m all right now.† â€Å"Well, be careful from now on. If you go and walk under a bus or get lost or something, they’ll realize you’re not from this world and start looking for the way through†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He was far more angry than he needed to be. Finally he said, â€Å"All right, look. If you pretend you’re my sister, that’ll be a disguise for me, because the person they’re looking for hasn’t got a sister. And if I’m with you, I can show you how to cross roads without getting killed.† â€Å"All right,† she said humbly. â€Å"And money. I bet you haven’t – well, how could you have any money? How are you going to get around and eat and so on?† â€Å"I have got money,† she said, and shook some gold coins out of her purse. Will looked at them incredulously. â€Å"Is that gold? It is, isn’t it? Well, that would get people asking questions, and no mistake. You’re just not safe. I’ll give you some money. Put those coins away and keep them out of sight. And remember – you’re my sister, and your name’s Lisa Ransom.† â€Å"Lizzie. I pretended to call myself Lizzie before. I can remember that.† â€Å"All right, Lizzie then. And I’m Mark. Don’t forget.† â€Å"All right,† she said peaceably. Her leg was going to be painful; already it was red and swollen where the car had struck it, and a dark, massive bruise was forming. What with the bruise on her cheek where he’d struck her the night before, she looked as if she’d been badly treated, and that worried him too – suppose some police officer should become curious? He tried to put it out of his mind, and they set off together, crossing at the traffic lights and casting just one glance back at the window under the hornbeam trees. They couldn’t see it at all. It was quite invisible, and the traffic was flowing again. In Summertown, ten minutes’ walk down the Banbury Road, Will stopped in front of a bank. â€Å"What are you doing?† said Lyra. â€Å"I’m going to get some money. I probably better not do it too often, but they won’t register it till the end of the working day, I shouldn’t think.† He put his mother’s bank card into the automatic teller and tapped out her PIN number. Nothing seemed to be going wrong, so he withdrew a hundred pounds, and the machine gave it up without a hitch. Lyra watched open-mouthed. He gave her a twenty-pound note. â€Å"Use that later,† he said. â€Å"Buy something and get some change. Let’s find a bus into town.† Lyra let him deal with the bus. She sat very quietly, watching the houses and gardens of the city that was hers and not hers. It was like being in someone else’s dream. They got off in the city center next to an old stone church, which she did know, opposite a big department store, which she didn’t. â€Å"It’s all changed,† she said. â€Å"Like†¦ That en’t the Corn-market? And this is the Broad. There’s Balliol. And Bodley’s Library, down there. But where’s Jordan?† Now she was trembling badly. It might have been delayed reaction from the accident, or present shock from finding an entirely different building in place of the Jordan College she knew as home. â€Å"That en’t right,† she said. She spoke quietly, because Will had told her to stop pointing out so loudly the things that were wrong. â€Å"This is a different Oxford.† â€Å"Well, we knew that,† he said. He wasn’t prepared for Lyra’s wide-eyed helplessness. He couldn’t know how much of her childhood had been spent running about streets almost identical with these, and how proud she’d been of belonging to Jordan College, whose Scholars were the cleverest, whose coffers the richest, whose beauty the most splendid of all. And now it simply wasn’t there, and she wasn’t Lyra of Jordan anymore; she was a lost little girl in a strange world, belonging nowhere. â€Å"Well,† she said shakily. â€Å"If it en’t here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  It was going to take longer than she’d thought, that was all. How to cite The Subtle Knife Chapter Three, Essay examples

Scarlet Letter Chapter Commentary Practice Essay Example For Students

Scarlet Letter Chapter Commentary Practice Essay The wistful and paranoid tones in Chapter 22 of Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter reflects Hester Prynnes optimism in the success of her escape to the Old World, but in turn her constant fear of all the effort being undone by outside forces. Hester is hopeful that Minister Dimmesdale and she, along with their daughter Pearl, will be able to make a new life for themselves in England, because of their previous encounter in the woods the other day. Her confidence in the preparation is waning due to the interference of Roger Chillingsworth, her husband, and a conversation with Mistress Hibbins on Election Day. The authors diction enlightens the reader to the elaborate disintegration of Hesters positive outlook on the upcoming journey to break away from the unchanging Puritan systematical way of life. At the final hour of Hesters residence in New England, she, in conjunction with Pearl, has a feeling of dread inspired by the remoteness and intangibility that Reverend Dimmesdale exhibits while in the procession. Soon the reunited family is to board a ship, setting sail to a fresh start at life as a whole unit. When the holy reverend appears, Hester and Pearl are moved to a state of unease at his isolated and otherworldly appearance. In Pearls account of her interaction with the swarthy-cheeked wild of the ocean, Hester is convinced that a tempestuous tide has arrived to rob her of the chance at experiencing a shimmer of sunshine. Pearl returns to her mother after running off, relaying a message from the shipmaster. The underlining implications of the message, assures her that an uncontrollable road block will prevent her opportunity at happiness. The authors detail illuminates Hesters transfixion on the expression that her lover Dimmesdale demonstrates while in the Election Day parade. Hester Prynne steadfastly from her position at the foot of the scaffold as the minister moved onward, and with an unaccustomed force in the procession. From the area in which she was punished for her sin, Hester looks upon the reverend with full undivided attention. Thus, noticing the zombie-like manner that he takes on as he continues on in the march. She tries to gain a glance of recognition from the man moving proudly past her station, but fails to see a resemblance between him and the man who she had hand in hand with in the forest. Just a while ago this man of great importance accompanied her in the wood and shared a romantic moment. Nonetheless, he is presently walking with a head held high past her, and makes no movement to provide a signal of acknowledgement in regards to their relationship. In the short time that this event occurs, Hester is slowly becoming persuaded by her own interpretation of Dimmesdales mood, that the moment shared in the woods must have been an illusion. The third-person omniscient point of view projects the spectators curiosity that afternoon and aids in the buildup to the climax of the novel. In the beginning of the chapter, the advance of the procession of magistrates and citizens has began, during which each individual member of the e spectators observes the young minister proceeding with strength not of the body. The reader is pulled into the grand festivities by the grandeur that the march is described as. All of the townspeople, including Hester and her child, are curious as to the sudden transformation of the successful reverend. The man has pep in his step and has no hand clutched to his heart. Pearls message from the seafaring , an encounter with Mistress Hibbins that was arrayed in great magnificence and the sudden interest in the brilliantly embroidered badge is a warning of things to come. The systematic collapse of Hesters idea of running away into the sunset with lover and child in tow is explained in the interference of Chillingsworth and interaction with Mistress Hibbins. The reader is to take the turn of interest in the festivities to Mrs. Prynnes breast as an implication that she is not to be liberated from the scarlet abomination, contrary to her earlier aspirations. The third-person omniscient view provides the reader with a good basis of understanding of the conditions that will lead to the climax and conclusion of the story. .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .postImageUrl , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:hover , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:visited , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:active { border:0!important; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:active , .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31 .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5f6ed7f297f4330bed61f12ecd09e31:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analyse the various forms of prejudice you encounter in the novel EssayThe organization moves from excitement to energy and finally to resignation in this piece. In the beginning, the whole focus is mainly on the congregation of people to observe the special parade. The heightened jovial atmosphere contrasts with the inner turmoil of the main characters present. The author uses this claustrophobic inducing atmosphere to push the characters into further internalizing their thoughts, with the exception of Pearl, for the sake of public reception. In the middle, Pearl and Minister Dimmesdale exert some power over Hester. The little imp, Pearl, escapes her mother in a fit of un controllable freewill, meanwhile the priest, through his way with words, grounds Hester to her listening post, unaware in the slightest of her disappearance. T he author emphasizes the dominance that Hester Prynnes closes loved ones had over her own will in preparation for the chapters finish. In the end, Hester yields to Chillingsworths plan to upset the journey to England and the curious gaze of townspeople and traveler alike on her brand of shame. She resentfully acknowledges the implications that her husbands presence would have on the trip and therefore has finally succumbed to the thought of the letter staying forever. The author includes Hesters calculations as a rebuffing of any of the readers thoughts that this story would be completed with a happy ending. As the chapter closes, the main concern is the scarlet letter and the effect that its revelation later would have on everyone involved.